This journal has a strict policy against plagiarism.

All manuscripts submitted will be checked using plagiarism detection software.

Policies include:

• Maximum similarity index: 20%

• Manuscripts exceeding the similarity threshold may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.

Forms of plagiarism include:

• Direct copying without citation

• Self-plagiarism

• Duplicate publication

• Data fabrication or falsification

Violations of publication ethics may result in rejection or retraction of the article.